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Historically, backtesting was only performed by large institutions and professional money managers due to the expense of obtaining and using detailed datasets. However, backtesting is increasingly used on a wider basis, and independent web-based backtesting platforms have emerged. Although the technique is widely used, it is prone to weaknesses ...
The San Antonio Contraceptive Study was a clinical research study published in 1971 about the side effects of oral contraceptives. Women coming to a clinic in San Antonio, Texas to prevent pregnancies were not told they were participating in a research study or receiving placebos. Ten of the women became pregnant while on placebos. [183] [184 ...
Backcasting from Sustainability Principles, [14] or System conditions of sustainability is a key concept of the "Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development" (FSSD) pioneered by Karl-Henrik Robèrt, founder of The Natural Step, an international nonprofit organization dedicated to applied research for sustainability, in cooperation with a ...
Joachim Boldt (Germany), an anesthesiologist formerly based at the Justus Liebig University Giessen, was stripped of his professorship and criminally investigated for forgery in his research studies. [17] As of 2024, Boldt has had 220 of his research publications retracted, and 10 others have received an expression of concern. [18] [19]
Archival research; Case study uses different research methods (e.g. interview, observation, self-report questionnaire) with a single case or small number of cases. Computer simulation (modeling) Ethnography; Event sampling methodology, also referred to as experience sampling methodology, diary study, or ecological momentary assessment
Examples include American abuses during Project MKUltra and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, and the mistreatment of indigenous populations in Canada and Australia. The Declaration of Helsinki , developed by the World Medical Association (WMA), is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .
Process tracing is a qualitative research method used to develop and test theories. [1] [2] [3] Process-tracing can be defined as the following: it is the systematic examination of diagnostic evidence selected and analyzed in light of research questions and hypotheses posed by the investigator (Collier, 2011). Process-tracing thus focuses on ...
The Cranfield experiments were extremely influential in the information retrieval field, itself a subject of considerable interest in the post-World War II era when the quantity of scientific research was exploding. It was the topic of continual debate for years and led to several computer projects to test its results.