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Columnaris (also referred to as cottonmouth and saddle-back disease) is a disease in fish which results from an infection caused by the Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. It was previously known as Bacillus columnaris, Chondrococcus columnaris, Cytophaga columnaris and Flexibacter columnaris. The bacteria are ...
A. p. piscivorus – gaping is part of the typical defensive display, the white mouth giving it the nickname "cottonmouth". A cottonmouth in water in Tennessee – the high position in the water and upward-tilted head can help distinguish it from Nerodia watersnakes such as the common watersnake , although there is substantial similarity.
Sandfly species transmit the disease leishmaniasis, by acting as vectors for protozoan Leishmania species, and tsetse flies transmit protozoan trypansomes (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypansoma brucei rhodesiense) which cause African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ticks and lice form another large group of invertebrate vectors.
The western cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) [2] [3] [4] was once classified as a subspecies of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus).However, DNA based studies published in 2008 and 2015, revealed no significant genetic difference between the eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) and the western cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) and ...
The Florida cottonmouth (Agkistrodon conanti) is a species of venomous snake, a pit viper in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae.The species is endemic to the United States, where it occurs in southern Georgia and the Florida peninsula in nearly every type of wetlands in the region, including brackish water and offshore islands.
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A meta-analysis showed skin disruption, hormonal changes, and osmoregulation can occur with light infection, while higher pathogen loads are required to influence reproduction. [28] In tadpoles, B. dendrobatidis affects the mouthparts, where keratin is present, leading to abnormal feeding behaviors or discoloration of the mouth. [6]
Different disease processes affect different tissues within this region with various outcomes. A great many diseases involve the mouth, jaws and orofacial skin. The following list is a general outline of pathologies that can affect oral and maxillofacial region; some are more common than others. This list is by no means exhaustive.
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