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Species evenness is the relative number of individuals of each species in a given area. [1] Species richness [2] is the number of species present in a given area. Species diversity [3] is the relationship between species evenness and species richness. There are many ways to measure biodiversity within a given ecosystem.
Relative species abundance is a component of biodiversity and is a measure of how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location or community. [1] Relative abundance is the percent composition of an organism of a particular kind relative to the total number of organisms in the area.
The observed species richness is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats), the species richness of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from similar environments.
Species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics for a wide variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. [1] The latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. [1] It has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. [2]
SAD is a measurement of how common, or rare species are within an ecosystem. [5] This allows researchers to assess how different species are distributed throughout an ecosystem. SAD is one of the most basic measurements in ecology and is used very often, therefore many different methods of measurement and analysis have developed.
Larger areas tend to contain larger numbers of species, and empirically, the relative numbers seem to follow systematic mathematical relationships. [1] The species–area relationship is usually constructed for a single type of organism, such as all vascular plants or all species of a specific trophic level within a particular site.
The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker [1] [2] together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and ...
abundance class 1 1-2 2-4 4-8 8-16 species 5 0 1.5 1.5 1 The three species of abundance four thus appear, 1.5 in abundance class 2–4, and 1.5 in 4–8. The above method of analysis cannot account for species that are unsampled: that is, species sufficiently rare to have been recorded zero times.
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