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Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from the societal upheaval caused by the war, and enjoyed new levels of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war where centuries-old royal dynasties were toppled, such as the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), Russian Civil War (1917 ...
Bénézet's book The World War and What was Behind It (1918) blamed on German aggression combined with perceived threats to the traditional social order from radicals and ethnic nationalists. Straight after the war Allied historians argued that Germany was solely responsible for the start of the war: a view reinforced by the inclusion of ' war ...
The original Franco-Russian alliance was formed to protect both France and Russia from a German attack. In the event of such an attack, both states would mobilize in tandem, placing Germany under the threat of a two-front war. However, there were limits placed on the alliance so that it was essentially defensive in character.
The cyber attack served as a wake up call to Estonia and for the entire world on the importance of cyber defence. As cyberattacks continue to increase around the world, countries still look at the attacks on Estonia in the 2007 as an example of how countries can fight future cyberattacks and terrorism.
Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [1] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". [2] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."
Information warfare (IW) is the battlespace use and management of information and communication technology (ICT) in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent. It is different from cyberwarfare that attacks computers, software, and command control systems.
There is ongoing debate over how cyberwarfare should be defined and no absolute definition is widely agreed upon. [9] [12] While the majority of scholars, militaries, and governments use definitions that refer to state and state-sponsored actors, [9] [13] [14] other definitions may include non-state actors, such as terrorist groups, companies, political or ideological extremist groups ...
Stuxnet was also the first time a nation used a cyberweapon to attack another nation. [13] Following the Stuxnet attacks, Iran used cyberweapons to target top American financial institutions, including the New York Stock Exchange. [14] Stuxnet was subsequently followed by Duqu in 2011 and Flame in 2012. [11] Flame's complexity was unmatched at ...