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According to some sociologists and associations, the modern term loner can be used in the context of the belief that human beings are social creatures and that those who do not participate are deviants. [3] [4] [5] However, the term is sometimes depicted culturally as positive, and indicative of a degree of independence and responsibility. [6]
Contemporary philosophers have drawn on the work of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Claude Lévi-Strauss (among others) to suggest that the non-human poses epistemological and ontological problems for humanist and post-humanist ethics, [2] and have linked the study of non-humans to materialist and ethological approaches to the study of society and culture.
Dehumanization can occur discursively (e.g., idiomatic language that likens individual human beings to non-human animals, verbal abuse, erasing one's voice from discourse), symbolically (e.g., imagery), or physically (e.g., chattel slavery, physical abuse, refusing eye contact).
He argued that non-human animals can reason, sense, and feel just as human beings do. [9] Theophrastus did not prevail, and it was Aristotle's position—that human and non-human animals exist in different moral realms because one is rational and the other not—that persisted largely unchallenged in the West for nearly two thousand years.
Humans are highly social and tend to live in large complex social groups. They can be divided into different groups according to their income, wealth, power , reputation and other factors. The structure of social stratification and the degree of social mobility differs, especially between modern and traditional societies. [ 421 ]
Philosopher Theodore Schatzki suggests there are two varieties of posthumanism of the philosophical kind: [18]. One, which he calls "objectivism", tries to counter the overemphasis of the subjective, or intersubjective, that pervades humanism, and emphasises the role of the nonhuman agents, whether they be animals and plants, or computers or other things, because "Humans and nonhumans, it ...
[44] [45] [46] Anthropomorphism, the attribution of human traits to non-human animals, is an important aspect of the way that humans relate to other animals such as pets. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] There is a tension between the role of other animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own; ignoring those ...
Human exceptionalism is usually combined with the claim that human well-being matters more than the well-being of other species. This line of thought can be used to draw various ethical conclusions. One is the claim that humans have the right to rule the planet and impose their will on other species.