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  2. Congenital fourth nerve palsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_fourth_nerve_palsy

    This acts to 'weaken' its action and allow the eye to move back into a more neutral alignment. [6] In all cases of congenital fourth nerve palsy, it is important to see an experienced strabismologist about management/treatment options. A strabismologist is an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) specialising in eye movement disorders.

  3. Hypertropia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertropia

    Surgical trauma to the vertical muscles (e.g. during scleral buckling surgery or cataract surgery causing iatrogenic trauma to the vertical muscles). Sudden onset hypertropia in a middle aged or elderly adult may be due to compression of the trochlear nerve and mass effect from a tumor, requiring urgent brain imaging using MRI to localise any ...

  4. Strabismus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus

    Strabismus is an eye disorder in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. [2] The eye that is pointed at an object can alternate. [3] The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. [3] If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in amblyopia, or lazy eyes, and loss of depth ...

  5. Heterophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophoria

    The effort to correct eye misalignment causes eye strain, leading to a range of symptoms that complicate diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms can mimic those of chronic fatigue or motion sickness, making VH difficult to recognize and diagnose due to its broad symptom spectrum and lack of widespread recognition.

  6. Fixation disparity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_disparity

    Fixation disparity is a tendency of the eyes to drift in the direction of the heterophoria.While the heterophoria refers to a fusion-free vergence state, the fixation disparity refers to a small misalignment of the visual axes when both eyes are open in an observer with normal fusion and binocular vision. [1]

  7. Strabismus surgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus_surgery

    Strabismus surgery is one of many options used to treat any misalignment of the eyes, called strabismus. This misalignment or "crossing" of the eyes can be caused by a variety of issues. Surgery is indicated when other, less invasive methods have been unable to treat the misalignment or when the procedure will significantly improve quality of ...

  8. Parinaud's syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinaud's_syndrome

    Parinaud's syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction, characterized by: Paralysis of upwards gaze: Downward gaze is usually preserved. This vertical palsy is supranuclear, so doll's head maneuver should elevate the eyes, but eventually all upward gaze mechanisms fail. In the extreme form, conjugate down gaze ...

  9. Sixth nerve palsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_nerve_palsy

    These changes serve to reduce the variation in the misalignment of the two eyes in different gaze positions (incomitance). Where this process has fully developed, the preferred option is a simple recession, or weakening, of the medial rectus of the affected eye, combined with a resection, or strengthening, of the lateral rectus of the same eye.