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In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit. [1]Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the complex representation of the current flowing through it. [2]
A single impedance has two terminals to connect to the outside world, hence can be described as a 2-terminal, or a one-port, network.Despite the simple description, there is no limit to the number of meshes, [note 6] and hence complexity and number of elements, that the impedance network may have.
[2] A simple electrical impedance-matching network requires one capacitor and one inductor. In the figure to the right, R 1 > R 2, however, either R 1 or R 2 may be the source and the other the load. One of X 1 or X 2 must be an inductor and the other must be a capacitor. One reactance is in parallel with the source (or load), and the other is ...
The op-amp inverting amplifier is a typical circuit, with parallel negative feedback, based on the Miller theorem, where the op-amp differential input impedance is apparently decreased to zero Zeroed impedance uses an inverting (usually op-amp) amplifier with enormously high gain A v → ∞ {\displaystyle A_{v}\to \infty } .
In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. . Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to t
The negative impedance converter (NIC) is an active circuit which injects energy into circuits in contrast to an ordinary load that consumes energy from them.This is achieved by adding or subtracting excessive varying voltage in series to the voltage drop across an equivalent positive impedance.
The statfarad (abbreviated statF) is a rarely used CGS unit equivalent to the capacitance of a capacitor with a charge of 1 statcoulomb across a potential difference of 1 statvolt. It is 1/(10 −5 c 2) farad, approximately 1.1126 picofarads. More commonly, the centimeter (cm) is used, which is equal to the statfarad.
In electronics, a constant phase element is an equivalent electrical circuit component that models the behaviour of a double layer, that is, an imperfect capacitor (see double-layer capacitance). Constant phase elements are also used in equivalent circuit modeling and data fitting of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data.