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Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), also known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic state (HONK), is a complication of diabetes mellitus in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis. [4] [5] Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, leg cramps, vision problems, and an altered level of consciousness. [2]
Phantosmia (phantom smell), also called an olfactory hallucination or a phantom odor, [1] is smelling an odor that is not actually there. This hallucination is intrinsically suspicious as the formal evaluation and detection of relatively low levels of odour particles is itself a very tricky task in air epistemology.
In general, insulin is given at 0.1 units/kg per hour to reduce blood sugars and suppress ketone production. Guidelines differ as to which dose to use when blood sugar levels start falling; American guidelines recommend reducing the dose of insulin once glucose falls below 16.6 mmol/L (300 mg/dL) [3] and UK guidelines at 14 mmol/L (253 mg/dL). [6]
Autoscent — Just as air fresheners deodorize the home, this product does the same for an automobile's internal combustion system; just spray it into the carburetor every 800 miles, and your car's exhaust will smell like lilacs or pine forests. [49]
After each scent is released, the patient smells the level and detects the odor from the four choices. There is an answer column on the back of the test booklet, and the test is scored out of 40 items. The score is compared to scores in a normative database from 4000 normal individuals, this tells the level of absolute smell function. [1]
Smell as evidence of disease has been long used, dating back to Hippocrates around 400 years BCE. [1] It is still employed with a focus on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in body odor. [ 2 ] VOCs are carbon-based molecular groups having a low molecular weight, secreted during cells' metabolic processes. [ 3 ]
Hyperosmolar syndrome or diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is a medical emergency caused by a very high blood glucose level.. The prefix "hyper-" means high, and "osmolarity" is a measure of the concentration of active particles in a solution, so the name of the syndrome simply refers to the high concentration of glucose in the blood.
Hyperosmia is an increased olfactory acuity (heightened sense of smell), usually caused by a lower threshold for odor. [1] This perceptual disorder arises when there is an abnormally increased signal at any point between the olfactory receptors and the olfactory cortex.