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Relations between the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) are governed, since 1 January 2021, by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). Relations trace back to the foundation of the European Communities, the European Union's predecessor, in 1957.
Democracy in Europe can be comparatively assessed [1] according to various definitions of democracy. [2] According to the V-Dem Democracy Indices, the European countries with the highest democracy scores in 2023 are Denmark , Norway and Sweden , meanwhile the European countries with lowest democracy scores in 2023 are Belarus , Russia and Turkey .
The British political system is a multiple-party system [1] and was according to the V-Dem Democracy Indices 2023 the 22nd most electorally democratic in the world. [2] From the 1920s to date, the two dominant parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
Ottoman free trade policies were praised by British economists advocating free trade such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but criticized by British politicians opposing free trade such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the ...
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The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) [1] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others. [2] The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to ...
The term industrial democracy was also used by British socialist reformers Sidney and Beatrice Webb in their 1897 book Industrial Democracy. The Webbs used the term to refer to trade unions and the process of collective bargaining. [4]
On 24 December, the President of the European Commission and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced that they had agreed a final draft deal, the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, subject to ratification by the European Council, the European Parliament and the Parliament of the United Kingdom. [81]