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However, when porphyrin-based photoautotrophs evolved and started to photosynthesize, which included both the primitive purple bacteria using bacteriochlorophyll and cyanobacteria using chlorophyll, highly reactive dioxygen was released as a byproduct of water splitting and started to accumulate, first in the ocean and then in the atmosphere.
According to Lunine, "oceans" have been defined as "stable, globe-girdling bodies of liquid water." [13] In addition, "Ocean worlds is the label given to objects in the solar system that host stable, globe-girdling bodies of liquid water," in contrast to the terms "'ocean planet' and 'water world', both of which refer to exoplanets (planets orbiting other stars) with substantial mass fractions ...
Planetary oceanography, also called astro-oceanography or exo-oceanography, [1] is the study of oceans on planets and moons other than Earth.Unlike other planetary sciences like astrobiology, astrochemistry, and planetary geology, it only began after the discovery of underground oceans in Saturn's moon Titan [2] and Jupiter's moon Europa. [3]
Diatoms generate about 20 per cent of all oxygen produced on the planet each year, [26] and take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of silicon each year from the waters in which they live. [57] They produce 25–45% of the total primary production of organic material in the oceans, [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] owing to their prevalence in open-ocean ...
Ocean color data is a key tool for research into how marine ecosystems respond to climate change and anthropogenic perturbations. [29] One of the biggest challenges for ocean color remote sensing is atmospheric correction, or removing the color signal of the atmospheric haze and clouds to focus on the color signal of the ocean water. [30]
The planet appears to be too big for its sun, and therefore calls into question our understanding of how planets and solar systems form, according to the researchers who found it. The planet is ...
Photons at longer wavelengths do not carry enough energy to allow photosynthesis to take place. Other living organisms, such as cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, and heliobacteria, can exploit solar light in slightly extended spectral regions, such as the near-infrared. These bacteria live in environments such as the bottom of stagnant ponds ...
Pennsylvania’s Punxsutawney Phil might be the most well-known weather-predicting groundhog, but a new list casts doubt on his accuracy.Phil did so poorly that even nonliving critters outshine ...