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Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition characterized by abnormally reduced blood pressure. [1] Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood [2] and is indicated by two numbers, the systolic blood pressure (the top number) and the diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number), which are the ...
Initial orthostatic hypotension is frequently characterized by a systolic blood pressure decrease of ≥40 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure decrease of ≥20 mmHg within 15 seconds of standing. [32] Blood pressure then spontaneously and rapidly returns to normal, so the period of hypotension and symptoms is short (<30 s). [32]
Blood pressure varies over longer time periods (months to years) and this variability predicts adverse outcomes. [18] Blood pressure also changes in response to temperature, noise, emotional stress, consumption of food or liquid, dietary factors, physical activity, changes in posture (such as standing-up), drugs, and disease. [19]
Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while low blood oxygen levels may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. [1] More specific tests such as implantable loop recorders, tilt table testing or carotid sinus massage may be useful in uncertain cases. [1]
Low blood pressure upon standing can also occur. DLB commonly causes psychiatric symptoms, such as altered behavior, depression , or apathy . DLB typically begins after the age of fifty, [ 2 ] and people with the disease have an average life expectancy , with wide variability, of about four years after diagnosis. [ 8 ]
Flammer syndrome is a described clinical entity comprising a complex of clinical features caused mainly by dysregulation of the blood supply. It was previously known as vascular dysregulation. [1] It can manifest in many symptoms, such as cold hands and feet, and is often associated with low blood pressure.
Orthostatic syncope refers to syncope resulting from a postural decrease in blood pressure, termed orthostatic hypotension. [1]Orthostatic hypotension occurs when there is a persistent reduction in blood pressure of at least 20mmHg systolic or 10mmHg diastolic within three minutes of standing or being upright to 60 degrees on the head-up tilt table.
Carotid sinus syncope is due to pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck. [2] The underlying mechanism involves the nervous system slowing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels, resulting in low blood pressure and thus not enough blood flow to the brain. [2] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other possible causes. [3]
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