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The Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of addiction to nicotine. It evaluates the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.
Smoking cessation, usually called quitting smoking or stopping smoking, is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. [1] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is addictive and can cause dependence. [2] [3] As a result, nicotine withdrawal often makes the process of quitting difficult.
MPOWER is a policy package intended to assist in the country-level implementation of effective interventions to reduce the demand for tobacco, as ratified by the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [1]
Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine.Symptoms include intense cravings for nicotine, anger or irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating.
A National Institute on Drug Abuse video entitled Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs. [21]Nicotine dependence is defined as a neurobiological adaptation to repeated drug exposure that is manifested by highly controlled or compulsive use, the development of tolerance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation including cravings, and an inability to quit despite harmful effects. [9]
By the end of the treatment, significant differences between the two groups were found for both physical and mental fatigue and improvements in both the cognitive status and physical functions. [70] A 2002 double‐blind randomized controlled trial with 53 patients found no difference in fatigue severity between groups when given a supplement ...
The Karolinska Exhaustion Disorder Scale (KEDS) is used to quantify symptoms of exhaustion among the afflicted and at risk individuals. [37] [47] Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ) is a tool originally developed for occupational burnout sometimes employed as a rating scale in the evaluation of exhaustion disorder.
Fatigue in a medical context is used to cover experiences of low energy that are not caused by normal life. [2] [3]A 2021 review proposed a definition for fatigue as a starting point for discussion: "A multi-dimensional phenomenon in which the biophysiological, cognitive, motivational and emotional state of the body is affected resulting in significant impairment of the individual's ability to ...