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The maternal lineage or mother's health and nutritional habits during pregnancy isn't the only influence on the offspring's overall health. Further transmission via the paternal line is highly likely to occur by epigenetic modulation of the spermatozoa's nucleus. [7] An example of this is transgenerational transmission by the paternal lineage ...
Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus.This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications.
Caffeine consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss [5] [41] and increased risk of low birth weight, defined as below 2500 grams (5.5 pounds). [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] The European Food Safety Authority and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists concur that habitual caffeine consumption up to ...
Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Nutrition and weight management before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy development since infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrients for optimal growth and health ...
Given the rapid growth during infancy, this phase demands the highest relative energy and nutrient intake compared to other stages of development. Proper nutrition during pregnancy plays a vital role in the development of the brain, requiring essential nutrients such as specific lipids, protein, folate, zinc, iodine, iron, and copper. Ensuring ...
The beliefs about beneficial foods during pregnancy are based on their understanding of how certain foods can prevent anemia, enhance physical strength, support the development of the fetus, and minimize physiological disruption. [5] Women in Ghana also believe there are foods one must avoid during pregnancy.
An elevated level of stress during pregnancy leads to notorious pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and mental health problems for the mother. Prolonged effects of chronic stressors such as discrimination, intimate partner violence, housing issues, and poverty lead to widespread maternal health issues and adverse ...
Modern studies began finding possible connections to health issues caused by exposure to BPA during pregnancy and during development. See Public health regulatory history in the United States and Chemical manufacturers' reactions to bans. As of 2014, research and debates are ongoing as to whether BPA should be banned or not. [citation needed]