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Racial trauma, or race-based traumatic strss, is the cumulative effects of racism on an individual’s mental and physical health. [1] It has been observed in numerous BIPOC communities and people of all ages, including young children. [2] [3] Racial trauma can be experienced vicariously or directly.
Comparisons between the impact of chronic, lifetime, and recent experiences of discrimination on mental health shows recent discrimination to have a stronger negative impact than lifetime discrimination; differences in impact based on type of discrimination measured were absent for physical health. [6]
Race-based traumatic stress is the traumatic response to stress following a racial encounter. Robert T. Carter's (2007) theory of race-based traumatic stress implies that there are individuals of color who experience racial discrimination as traumatic, and often generate responses similar to post-traumatic stress. [1]
Trauma affects all children differently (see stress in early childhood). Some children who experience trauma develop significant and long-lasting problems, while others may have minimal symptoms and recover more quickly. [56] Studies have found that despite the broad impacts of trauma, children can and do recover with appropriate interventions.
The effects of this trauma can be experienced very differently depending on factors such as how long the trauma was, how severe and even the age of the child when it occurred. Negative childhood experiences can have a tremendous impact on future violence victimization and perpetration, and lifelong health and opportunity. [3]
Transgenerational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group. The primary mode of transmission is the shared family environment of the infant causing psychological , behavioral and social changes in the individual.
The trauma of internalized oppression is intensified by repetitive exposure to explicit violence such as segregation and discrimination, as well as implicitly through various forms of oppressive microprocesses and insidious microaggressions (e.g., privation of inclusion and peripheralizing). [8]
Trauma- and violence-informed practices can be or are addressed in mindfulness programs, yoga, education, [75] obstetrics and gynaecology, cancer treatment, [76] psychological trauma in older adults, military sexual trauma, cybersex trafficking, sex trafficking [45] and trafficking of children, child advocacy, decarceration efforts, and peer ...