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Anti-MAG antibodies can be readily detected in a patient's sera using various types of assays, but mainly an ELISA has been shown to be most effective. [ 1 ] [ 8 ] There are also various biological indicators, such as elevated cerebral spinal fluid proteins and elevated IgM monoclonal levels.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest of several isotypes of antibodies (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen ; [ 1 ] [ 2 ] causing it to also be called an acute phase antibody.
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of high concentrations of circulating cold sensitive antibodies, usually IgM and autoantibodies that are also active at temperatures below 30 °C (86 °F), [1] directed against red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate and undergo lysis. [2]
Immunoglobulin therapy is the use of a mixture of antibodies (normal human immunoglobulin) to treat several health conditions. [23] [24] These conditions include primary immunodeficiency, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Kawasaki disease, certain cases of HIV/AIDS and measles, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and certain other infections when a ...
The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are stuck to the surface of the red blood cells. [1] Since these antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells they can cause anemia; this test can help clarify the condition. The indirect Coombs test detects antibodies that are floating freely in the blood. [1]
An antibody elution removes bound antibody from the surface of a red blood cell to aid in the antibody identification process. An antibody elution is a clinical laboratory diagnostic procedure which removes sensitized antibodies from red blood cells, in order to determine the blood group system antigen the antibody targets. [1]
Antiganglioside antibodies that react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells . [ 1 ] These antibodies show highest association with certain forms of Guillain–Barré syndrome .
Because of the reasons given above, the results of the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with anti-C3 are highly likely to be positive while to be negative for anti-IgG or anti-IgM, only when the DAT is being performed at 4 °C (39 °F) approximately and then incubated at around 37 °C (99 °F). [12]