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The first coffee houses appeared in the mid-1650s and quickly became established in every city in many small towns. They exemplified the emerging standards of middle-class masculine civility and politeness. [100] Downtown London boasted about 600 by 1708. Admission was a penny for as long as a customer wanted.
The Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España) entered a new era with the death of Charles II, the last Spanish Habsburg monarch, who died childless in 1700. The War of the Spanish Succession was fought between proponents of a Bourbon prince, Philip of Anjou, and the Austrian Habsburg claimant, Archduke Charles.
The Middle Ages in Spain are often said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of the Nasrid Emirate of Granada and the Alhambra decree ordering the expulsion of the Jews. Early modern Spain was first united as an institution in the reign of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as Charles I of Spain.
By the 17th century, the Catholic Church and Spain had a close bond, attesting to the fact that Spain was virtually free of Protestantism during the 16th century. In 1620, there were 100,000 Spaniards in the clergy; by 1660 the number had grown to about 200,000, and the Church owned 20% of all the land in Spain.
Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) [b] was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707 merging the kingdoms of Scotland and England, until her death in 1714. Anne was born during the reign of her uncle King Charles II.
The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. [141] The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the standard of living fell.
During the unification of al-Andalus in the reign of Abd ar-Rahman before his death in 788, al-Andalus underwent centralization and slow but steady homogenization. The autonomous status of many towns and regions negotiated in the first years of the conquest was reversed by 778, [ 44 ] in some cases much earlier (Pamplona by 742, for example).
Start of reign End of reign Length Ref. Sobekneferu: Pharaoh Middle Kingdom of Egypt: c. 1777 BC c. 1773 BC 3 years, 10 months and 24 days [5] Hatshepsut: Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt: c. 1479 BC c. 1458 BC c. 21 years Neferneferuaten: Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt: c. 1334 BC c. 1332 BC c. 2 years Twosret: Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt: c. 1191 ...