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Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mechanics [ 5 ] and thereby recruits monocytes , memory T cells , and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection .
By binding to TNF receptors, TNF can perform functions including stimulating endothelial cells to induce coagulation, which obstructs blood flow to prevent the spread of microbes; stimulating endothelial cells and macrophages to secrete chemokines that attract white blood cells; stimulating the secretion of other cytokines such as IL-1 ...
Pages in category "Cytokines" The following 110 pages are in this category, out of 110 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Systemically administered immunocytokines are likely to significantly reduce cytokine-related cytotoxicity, but not eliminate it. Immunocytokines still interact with immune cells to induce signaling outside of the tumor, and there are problems with non-specific binding in non-target tissues that could disrupt regular immune functions in the body.
The IL-10 family is one of the important types of cytokines, that can stop the inflammation. In general. these cytokines have a helical structure of homodimers. [4] The difference that the members of IL-10 family have between each other is that they have various receptor-binding residues, which help with interaction with specific cytokine receptors. [5]
Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte. [1] They are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune system response by signaling between its cells.