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The question of supervising the European banking system arose long before the financial crisis of 2007-2008.Shortly after the creation of the monetary union in 1999, a number of observers and policy-makers warned that the new monetary architecture would be incomplete, and therefore fragile, without at least some coordination of supervisory policies among euro members.
The Digital Euro is the project of the European Central Bank (ECB), decided in July 2021, for the possible introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The aim is to develop a fast and secure electronic payment instrument that would complement the Euro for individuals and businesses in its existing form as cash and in bank accounts ...
The Supervisory Board is composed of a Chair, appointed for a non-renewable term of five years; a Vice Chair, chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board; four members directly appointed by the ECB, known as ECB representatives; and representatives of national competent authorities. If the national supervisory authority ...
The General Council performs the tasks which the ECB took over from the EMI and which, owing to the derogation of one or more member states, still have to be performed in Stage Three of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The General Council also contributes to: ECB's advisory functions; Collection of statistical information
Wim Duisenberg, first President of the ECB. The European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). [7] The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). [7]
The executive board consists of the president, the vice-president and four other members, one of whom concurrently serves as ECB chief economist. All members are appointed by the European Council by qualified majority for a non-renewable eight-year term.
Elizabeth McCaul has been a member of the European Central Bank's supervisory board since 2019. [1] She previously served as superintendent of banks for New York state, and as the head of the New York State Banking Department.
The development of the institutions, with incremental changes from treaties and agreements, is testament to the evolution of the Union's structures without one clear "master plan." Some observers like Tom Reid of The Washington Post said of the institutions that "nobody would have deliberately designed a government as complex and as redundant ...