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2. Employee stock option - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_stock_option

   Over the course of employment, a company generally issues employee stock options to an employee which can be exercised at a particular price set on the grant day, generally a public company's current stock price or a private company's most recent valuation, such as an independent 409A valuation [4] commonly used within the United States ...

3. P/B ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P/B_ratio

   The price-to-book ratio, or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all assets minus liabilities owned by a company). The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same.

4. Dividend discount model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend_discount_model

   In financial economics, the dividend discount model (DDM) is a method of valuing the price of a company's capital stock or business value based on the assertion that intrinsic value is determined by the sum of future cash flows from dividend payments to shareholders, discounted back to their present value.

5. Monte Carlo methods for option pricing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methods_for...

   In mathematical finance, a Monte Carlo option model uses Monte Carlo methods [Notes 1] to calculate the value of an option with multiple sources of uncertainty or with complicated features. [1] The first application to option pricing was by Phelim Boyle in 1977 (for European options ).

6. Valuation using discounted cash flows - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_using_discounted...

   Valuation using discounted cash flows (DCF valuation) is a method of estimating the current value of a company based on projected future cash flows adjusted for the time value of money. [1] The cash flows are made up of those within the “explicit” forecast period , together with a continuing or terminal value that represents the cash flow ...

7. Discounted cash flow - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flow

   Flowchart for a typical DCF valuation, with each step detailed in the text (click on image to see at full size) Here, a spreadsheet valuation, uses Free cash flows to estimate stock's Fair Value and measure the sensitivity of WACC and Perpetual growth

8. Cost of capital - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital

   Calculation of WACC is an iterative procedure which requires estimation of the fair market value of equity capital [citation needed] if the company is not listed. The Adjusted Present Value method (APV) is much easier to use in this case as it separates the value of the project from the value of its financing program.

9. Post-money valuation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-money_valuation

   Because preferred stock are worth more than common stock, post-money valuations tend to overstate the value of companies. Will Gornall and Ilya Strebulaev [ 3 ] provide the fair values of the 135 of the largest U.S. venture capital-backed companies and argue that these companies' post-money valuations are an average of 50% above their market ...