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In terms of chemical potential, at the boiling point, the liquid and gas phases have the same chemical potential. Adding a nonvolatile solute lowers the solvent’s chemical potential in the liquid phase, but the gas phase remains unaffected. This shifts the equilibrium between phases to a higher temperature, elevating the boiling point.
Boiling point (°C) K b (°C⋅kg/mol) Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; Aniline: 184.3 3.69 –5.96 –5.87 K b & K f [1] Lauric acid: 298.9 44 –3.9 Acetic acid: 1.04 117.9 3.14 16.6 –3.90 K b [1] K f [2] Acetone: 0.78 56.2 1.67 –94.8 K b [3] Benzene: 0.87 80.1 2.65 5.5 –5.12 K b & K f [2] Bromobenzene: 1.49 156.0 6. ...
In terms of scale, the most important ketones are acetone, methylethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone. [23] They are also common in biochemistry, but less so than in organic chemistry in general. The combustion of hydrocarbons is an uncontrolled oxidation process that gives ketones as well as many other types of compounds.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
There are two conventions regarding the standard boiling point of water: The normal boiling point is commonly given as 100 °C (212 °F) (actually 99.97 °C (211.9 °F) following the thermodynamic definition of the Celsius scale based on the kelvin) at a pressure of 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
The rule, however, has some exceptions. For example, the entropies of vaporization of water, ethanol, formic acid and hydrogen fluoride are far from the predicted values. The entropy of vaporization of XeF 6 at its boiling point has the extraordinarily high value of 136.9 J/(K·mol), or 16.5R. [4]
This is a list of the various reported boiling points for the elements, with recommended values to be used elsewhere on Wikipedia. For broader coverage of this topic, see Boiling point . Boiling points, Master List format
In that context, a lighter component means a component with a lower boiling point (or a higher vapor pressure) and a heavier component means a component with a higher boiling point (or a lower vapor pressure). Thus, for the distillation of any multi-component mixture, the relative volatility is often defined as