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The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector [1] corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives. [2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".
The Corruption Perceptions Index [9] is a detailed survey incorporating data from many nations and groups. Finally, the World Bank produces an annual "control of corruption" index that uses similar sources to the International Country Risk Guide and Corruption Perception Index. [10] [11]
World Bank economist Daniel Kaufmann [13] extended the concept to include "legal corruption" in which power is abused within the confines of the law—as those with power often have the ability to make laws for their protection. The effect of corruption in infrastructure is to increase costs and construction time, lower the quality and decrease ...
Jennifer "DJ" Nordquist [1] is an American public policy expert who served as the U.S. Executive Director of the World Bank, representing the U.S. as the largest shareholder at the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
Despite the above noted limitations and concerns recent econometric research looking at how reliable some of these indicators are, vis-a-vis data collected from natural experiments and other observational surveys, have actually concluded that the Good Governance Indicators do in fact seem to be measuring, albeit imperfectly, levels of corruption and government effectiveness. [9]
Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.Based in Berlin, its nonprofit and non-governmental purpose is to take action to combat global [1] corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption.
There are two types of data corruption associated with computer systems: undetected and detected. Undetected data corruption, also known as silent data corruption, results in the most dangerous errors as there is no indication that the data is incorrect. Detected data corruption may be permanent with the loss of data, or may be temporary when ...
Kaufmann, with colleagues, also developed new approaches to measure governance and corruption, focused first on the post-socialist countries in transition, [27] and, with Joel Hellman, launched a project on what they labelled as the challenge of state capture, which analyzed the transition economies of the former Soviet Union during the late 1990s (in articles such as "Seize the state, seize ...