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Aflatoxin B 1 is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD 50 3.2 μg/kg/day in rats. [4] This carcinogenic potency varies across species with some, such as rats and monkeys, seemingly much more susceptible than others.
Aflatoxin B 1 and B 2 (AFB), produced by A. flavus and A. parasiticus; Aflatoxin G 1 and G 2 (AFG), produced by some Group II A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus [19] Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1), metabolite of aflatoxin B 1 in humans and animals (exposure in ng levels may come from a mother's milk) Aflatoxin M 2, metabolite of aflatoxin B 2 in milk ...
A. parasiticus produces aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, named for the colours emitted under UV light on thin-layer chromatography plates—either blue and green. The numbers refer to the type of compound with 1 being major and 2 being minor. [3] These aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins which have detrimental effects to humans and livestock. [4]
The discovery of aflatoxins led to substantial changes in agricultural practices and regulations on how grains and legumes were grown, harvested, and stored. [21] The amount of aflatoxins produced by A. flavus is affected by environmental factors. If other competitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production is low.
Aflatoxin M 1 is the 4-hydroxy derivative of aflatoxin B 1 and is secreted in the milk of mammals that consume aflatoxin B 1. Aflatoxin M 1 has a relative molecular mass of 328 Da and has the molecular formula C 17 H 12 O 7. [1] Schematic representation summarizing the major contamination and exposure routes and adverse health effects to human ...
Aflatoxin B 1 exo-8,9-epoxide is a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B 1.It's formed by the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. [1]In the liver, aflatoxin B 1 is metabolized to aflatoxin B 1 exo-8,9-epoxide by the cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Aflatoxin B 1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. [11] Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics , such as cotton , peanuts , spices , pistachios , and maize .
In an Egyptian study, abnormally high levels of aflatoxin B1 and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 was found in liver tissue and blood of all neonates with biliary atresia. Aflatoxins may cause extensive damage to the hepatocytes leading to hepatitis and damage to bile ducts causing inflammation, adhesions and final obstruction of bile ducts. [19]