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The run-level is usually changed using the init command, runlevel 1 or S will boot into single-user mode. Boot-loader options can be changed during startup before the execution of the kernel. In FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD it can be changed before rebooting the system with the command nextboot -o "-s" -k kernel , and its bootloader offers the ...
After authentication, and if the configuration file permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command. sudo retains the user's invocation rights through a grace period (typically 5 minutes) per pseudo terminal, allowing the user to execute several successive commands as the requested user without having to provide a password again.
An instance with elevated privileges must be launched in order to get "sudo" to give administrator privileges, and allow such access. [ 8 ] WSL 1 is not capable of running all Linux software, such as 32-bit binaries, [ 42 ] [ 43 ] or those that require specific Linux kernel services not implemented in WSL.
The command su, including the Unix permissions system and the setuid system call, was part of Version 1 Unix.Encrypted passwords appeared in Version 3. [5] The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.
A privilege is applied for by either an executed program issuing a request for advanced privileges, or by running some program to apply for the additional privileges. An example of a user applying for additional privileges is provided by the sudo command to run a command as superuser user, or by the Kerberos authentication system.
Security-conscious users may remove the temporary administrator privileges upon completing the tasks requiring them by using the sudo -k command when from each tty or pts in which sudo was used (in the case of pts's, closing the terminal emulator is not sufficient). The equivalent command for kdesu is kdesu -s.
Prints a command to the terminal as Bash reads it. Bash reads constructs all at once, such as compound commands which include if-fi and case-esac blocks. If a set -v is included within a compound command, then "verbose" will be enabled the next time Bash reads code as input, ie, after the end of the currently executing construct. [108]
A "Cleanup" button on the "Startup" tab allows cleaning up invalid or deleted startup entries. In Windows Me and Windows XP versions, it can restore an individual file from the original Windows installation set. On Windows NT-based operating systems prior to Windows Vista, it can set various BOOT.INI switches.