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  2. Coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping

    Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes. The party who calls the side that is facing up when the coin lands wins.

  3. Penney's game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penney's_game

    Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player ...

  4. Two-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-up

    Two-up is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated "spinner" throwing two coins, usually Australian pennies, into the air. Players bet on whether the coins will both fall with heads (obverse) up, both with tails (reverse) up, or one of each (known as "odds").

  5. Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is...

    A fair coin is an idealized randomizing device with two states (usually named "heads" and "tails") which are equally likely to occur. It is based on the coin flip used widely in sports and other situations where it is required to give two parties the same chance of winning.

  6. Flipism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipism

    Flipism, sometimes spelled "flippism", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin.It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision" [1] [2] by Carl Barks, published in 1953.

  7. Quantum coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coin_flipping

    The problem of them agreeing on a random bit by exchanging messages over this channel, without relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. [1] Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt messages for secure communication.

  8. Matching pennies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_pennies

    If one penny is heads and the other tails, Odd wins and keeps both coins. Matching pennies is a non-cooperative game studied in game theory. It is played between two players, Even and Odd. Each player has a penny and must secretly turn the penny to heads or tails. The players then reveal their choices simultaneously.

  9. Martingale (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(probability...

    A gambler's fortune (capital) is a martingale if all the betting games which the gambler plays are fair. The gambler is playing a game of coin flipping. Suppose X n is the gambler's fortune after n tosses of a fair coin, such that the gambler wins $1 if the coin toss outcome is heads and loses $1 if the coin toss outcome is tails. The gambler's ...