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The collapse of the Scali house was also due to other factors. In particular, the Scali had been competing with other Italian houses for one of Europe's most attractive markets: England's wool. By 1326, the sovereign owed the Scali alone some 400,000 florins (the equivalent of England's yearly budget).
Along the trade routes, in which Italy was often central, traveled knowledge and technological innovations, which amplified the economic and social impact of trade. There were important innovations in production systems. The spread of tenancy and metayage contracts favored a more market-oriented agrarian economy.
The history of Italy in the Middle Ages can be roughly defined as the time between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance. Late antiquity in Italy lingered on into the 7th century under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty, the Byzantine Papacy until the mid 8th century.
The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870 (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-04-330299-8. Toniolo, Gianni (1990). An economic history of liberal Italy 1850–1918. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-03500-7. Toniolo, Gianni, ed. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification. Oxford University Press. online review; another ...
From the early thirteenth century, it was one of the three major guilds (the others were the Bankers and the Wool manufacturers) entitled to elect Priori to the Signoria. Arte della Lana: Wool manufacturers and merchants Pre-1192 [17] 3 (1282) 4 (1236) Elected a Prior from early thirteenth century. Fourth in precedence in 1236, rose to third in ...
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created in 1960 by the outer seven (as a looser alternative to the then-European Communities) but most of its membership has since joined the Communities/EU leaving only four countries (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) still party to the treaty.
Watermills were initially developed by the Romans, but were improved throughout the Middle Ages, along with windmills, and were provided the power needed to grind grains into flour, cut wood and process flax and wool, and irrigate fields. [4] Field crops included wheat, rye, barley and oats; they were used for bread and animal fodder.
Prehistoric trade routes between Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade. As an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold of the north", amber was transported from the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts overland by way of the Vistula and Dnieper rivers to Italy , Greece , the Black Sea , Syria and Egypt over a period of ...