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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Conventional water-softening appliances intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness ions"—mainly Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ —are exchanged for sodium ions. [7] As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44 , [ 8 ] ion-exchange devices reduce the hardness by replacing magnesium and calcium (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ) with sodium or ...

3. Ion-exchange resin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin

   Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.

4. Polystyrene sulfonate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene_sulfonate

   Water softening is achieved by percolating hard water through a bed of the sodium form of cross-linked polystyrene sulfonate. The hard ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) adhere to the sulfonate groups, displacing sodium ions. The resulting solution of sodium ions is softened.

5. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

   In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that exchanges chloride (the Cl – ion of the NaCl) for carbonate (CO − 3), bicarbonate (H C O − 3) and sulfate (SO 2− 4). As ...

6. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange is widely used in the food and beverage industry, hydrometallurgy, metals finishing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical technology, sugar and sweetener production, ground- and potable-water treatment, nuclear, softening, industrial water treatment, semiconductor, power, and many other industries. [citation needed]

7. Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

   A common method for water softening involves the use of ion-exchange resins, which replace ions like Ca 2+ by twice the number of mono cations such as sodium or potassium ions. Washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na 2 CO 3) is easily obtained and has long been used as a water softener for domestic laundry, in conjunction with the usual soap or ...