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l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A ...
Historical office suite still available and supported. It includes a spreadsheet. Google Sheets – as part of Google Workspace suite, supporting both offline and online editing. IBM Lotus Symphony – freeware for MS Windows, Apple Mac OS X and Linux. Kingsoft Office Spreadsheets 2012 – For MS Windows. Both free and paid versions are available.
It uses a combination of the energy, momentum, and continuity equations to determine water depth with a given a friction slope (), channel slope (), channel geometry, and also a given flow rate. In practice, this technique is widely used through the computer program HEC-RAS , developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering ...
Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. [ 1 ] It is a dimensionless quantity , usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).
sc is a cross-platform, free, TUI, spreadsheet and calculator application that runs on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It has also been ported to Windows. It can be accessed through a terminal emulator, and has a simple interface and keyboard shortcuts resembling the key bindings of the Vim text editor. It can be used in a similar manner ...
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
Slope mass rating (SMR) is a rock mass classification scheme developed by Manuel Romana [1] [2] [3] to describe the strength of an individual rock outcrop or slope. The system is founded upon the more widely used RMR scheme, [4] which is modified with quantitative guidelines to the rate the influence of adverse joint orientations (e.g. joints dipping steeply out of the slope).
Due to the normal cross slope and the interaction with grade, road sections with insufficient drainage gradient are few and short. Still, they account for an unacceptable number of skid accidents. These hot spots are found at the entrances and exits of banked curves, where the cross slope changes direction in order to create superelevation.