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A magma chamber is a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth. The molten rock, or magma, in such a chamber is less dense than the surrounding country rock, which produces buoyant forces on the magma that tend to drive it upwards. [1] If the magma finds a path to the surface, then the result will be a volcanic eruption ...
A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, [1] occurs when magma heats ground water or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from 500 to 1,170 °C (930 to 2,100 °F)) causes near-instantaneous evaporation of water to steam, resulting in an explosion of steam ...
Plinian eruption. Plinian eruption: 1: ash plume; 2: magma conduit; 3: volcanic ash fall; 4: layers of lava and ash; 5: stratum; 6: magma chamber. 1822 artist's impression of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79, depicting what the AD 79 eruption may have looked like, by the English geologist George Julius Poulett Scrope.
A crystal mush is magma that contains a significant amount of crystals (up to 50% of the volume) suspended in the liquid phase (melt). [1] As the crystal fraction makes up less than half of the volume, there is no rigid large-scale three-dimensional network as in solids. [2] As such, their rheological behavior mirrors that of absolute liquids.
Magma is produced by melting of the mantle or the crust in various tectonic settings, which on Earth include subduction zones, continental rift zones, [5] mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. Mantle and crustal melts migrate upwards through the crust where they are thought to be stored in magma chambers [6] or trans-crustal crystal-rich mush zones. [7]
Christmas Mountains caldera complex. Coordinates: 29.4304°N 103.4358°W. The Christmas Mountains caldera complex is a caldera complex located in the Christmas Mountains in Big Bend National Park in western Texas. [1] It is the oldest such complex preserved in Texas [2] and is the type example of a laccocaldera [1] (eruptive laccolith [3]).
The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, to the bewilderment of scientists, revealing the rift beneath the surface. [4] In August 2015, the members of the Icelandic band Kaleo and fourteen support staff descended into the volcano's magma chamber and recorded a live rendition of the band ...
Hydrothermal also refers to the transport and circulation of water within the deep crust, in general from areas of hot rocks to areas of cooler rocks. The causes for this convection can be: Intrusion of magma into the crust. Radioactive heat generated by cooled masses of granite. Heat from the mantle. Hydraulic head from mountain ranges, for ...
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