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The BAC One-Eleven airliner also used water injection for its Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines. Filling the tanks with jet fuel instead of water led to the Paninternational Flight 112 crash. [7] In 1978, Olympic Airways Flight 411 had to abort and return to its take-off airport due to a failure of the water injection system or its processes. [8]
The equipment consists of a vapor generator and a transurethral delivery device. The latter is similar to a cystoscope with an optical system with a 90° extending retractable 10.25 mm long injection needle (diameter 1.3 mm). From this needle water vapor is circumferentially delivered via 12 holes at the needle’s tip.
An injector is a system of ducting and nozzles used to direct the flow of a high-pressure fluid in such a way that a lower pressure fluid is entrained in the jet and carried through a duct to a region of higher pressure. It is a fluid-dynamic pump with no moving parts except a valve to control inlet flow.
A vapor-compression evaporator, like most evaporators, can make reasonably clean water from any water source. In a salt crystallizer, for example, a typical analysis of the resulting condensate shows a typical content of residual salt not higher than 50 ppm or, in terms of electrical conductance , not higher than 10 μS/cm .
The droplet vaporizes and creates a radial flow field in the gas film. The vapor from the droplet convects and diffuses away from the droplet surface. Heat conducts radially against the convection toward the droplet interface. This process is called Stefan convection or Stefan flow. [3] Sketch of a vaporizing droplet
In the context of racing, nitrous oxide is often termed nitrous or NOS.The term NOS is derived from the initials of the company name Nitrous Oxide Systems, Inc. (now a brand of Holley Performance Products) one of the pioneering companies in the development of nitrous oxide injection systems for automotive performance use, and has become a genericized trademark.
Fog systems typically produce a water spray, with about 90% of the water flow being in droplets that are 20 microns in diameter or smaller. [6] Inlet fogging has been in commercial use since the late 1980s and is a popular retrofit technology. As of 2015, there were more than 1000 inlet fog systems installed around the world. [7]
These systems used single point injection of air into the liquid stream, normally through a foot valve at the bottom of the string. Gas lift was used as early as 1864 in Pennsylvania to lift oil wells, also using compressed air, via an air pipe bringing the air to the bottom of the well.