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In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point, the electromagnetic field of the wave has a constant magnitude and is rotating at a constant rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Political polarization can help transform or disrupt the status quo, sometimes addressing injustices or imbalances in a popular vs. oligarchic struggle. [107] [108] Political polarization can serve to unify, invigorate, or mobilize potential allies at the elite and mass levels. It can also help to divide, weaken, or pacify competitors.
Opinions on polarization's effects on the public are mixed. Some argue that the growing polarization in government has directly contributed to political polarization in the electorate, [167] but this is not unanimous. [163] [168] Some scholars argue that polarization lowers public interest in politics, party identification and voter turnout. [167]
This makes circular polarization an extremely important property for studies of solar radio emission, as it can be used to help understand how the radiation was produced. While circular polarization is most prevalent in solar radio observations, it is also possible to produce linear polarizations in certain circumstances. [ 39 ]
Beliefs that citizens hold about their government and its leaders; Processes by which citizens learn about politics; The nature, sources, and consequences of public opinion; The ways in which citizens vote and otherwise participate in political life; Factors that influence citizens to differ from one another in terms of political beliefs and ...
The Jones matrix for an arbitrary birefringent material is the most general form of a polarization transformation in the Jones calculus; it can represent any polarization transformation. To see this, one can show
Yet no government can be all these things and still remain a government." This contradiction produces an unavoidable gap between ideals and institutions, an "IvI" gap. This gap is normally tolerable, but it is a gap that sometimes leads to bursts of "creedal passion" against existing systems and institutions, bursts that typically last around ...
Insofar as a majority supporting (or at least not opposing) the government is still necessary, gridlock can arise in much the same way as in parliamentary systems. However, semi-presidential arrangements have an additional potential source of political friction - cohabitation. In this instance, the legislature and the President may be from ...