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Stalking behaviors are interrelated to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person or monitoring them. The term stalking is used with some differing definitions in psychiatry and psychology, as well as in some legal jurisdictions as a term for a criminal offense. [2] [3]
Shimei curses David, 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld. Attested in English from 1753, [4] harassment derives from the English verb harass plus the suffix -ment.The verb harass, in turn, is a loan word from the French, which was already attested in 1572 meaning torment, annoyance, bother, trouble [5] and later as of 1609 was also referred to the condition of being exhausted, overtired.
A few states have both stalking and harassment statutes that criminalize threatening and unwanted electronic communications. [46] The first anti-stalking law was enacted in California in 1990, and while all fifty states soon passed anti-stalking laws, by 2009 only 14 of them had laws specifically addressing "high-tech stalking."
While sexual harassment is a form of workplace harassment, the United States Department of Labor defines workplace harassment as being more than just sexual harassment. [10] "It may entail quid pro quo harassment, which occurs in cases in which employment decisions or treatment are based on submission to or rejection of unwelcome conduct ...
The "definition of sexual misconduct is far from clear" and it is a "lay term, sometimes used in institutional policies or by professional bodies", to deal with cases marked by power imbalance, coercion, and predatory behaviour." [5] Educator sexual misconduct is discussed in detail in this article.
A majority of states have laws that explicitly include electronic forms of communication within stalking or harassment laws. [ 10 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Most law enforcement agencies have cyber–crime units, and Internet stalking is often treated with more seriousness than reports of physical stalking. [ 82 ]
Street harassment is a form of harassment, primarily sexual harassment that consists of unwanted sexualised comments, provocative gestures, honking, wolf whistles, indecent exposures, stalking, persistent sexual advances, and touching by strangers, in public areas such as streets, shopping malls and public transportation. [1]
Gang stalking or group-stalking is a set of persecutory beliefs in which those affected believe they are being followed, stalked, and harassed by a large number of people. [1] The term is associated with the virtual community formed by people who consider themselves " targeted individuals " (" T.I. "), claiming their lives are disrupted from ...