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2. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

3. Chernozem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem

   Chernozem (/ ˈtʃɜːrnəzɛm / CHUR-nə-zem), [a] also called black soil, regur soil or black cotton soil, is a black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus [3] (4% to 16%) and high percentages of phosphorus and ammonia compounds. [4] Chernozem is very fertile soil and can produce high agricultural yields with its high moisture ...

4. USDA soil taxonomy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy

   A taxonomy is an arrangement in a systematic manner; the USDA soil taxonomy has six levels of classification. They are, from most general to specific: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family and series. Soil properties that can be measured quantitatively are used in this classification system – they include: depth, moisture ...

5. Ultisol - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultisol

   Ultisol. Ultisol, commonly known as red clay soil, is one of twelve soil orders in the United States Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy. The word "Ultisol" is derived from "ultimate", because Ultisols were seen as the ultimate product of continuous weathering of minerals in a humid, temperate climate without new soil formation via glaciation.

6. Soil fertility - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility

   Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as mineralization.

7. Soil formation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_formation

   Soil formation. Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy) within soils.