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The widely used RS-232 system is an example of single-ended signaling, which uses ±12 V to represent a signal, and anything less than ±3 V to represent the lack of a signal. The high voltage levels give the signals some immunity from noise, since few naturally occurring signals can create a voltage of such magnitude.
Differential signalling helps to reduce these problems because, for a given supply voltage, it provides twice the noise immunity of a single-ended system. To see why, consider a single-ended digital system with supply voltage . The high logic level is and the low logic level is 0 V.
In serial communications, multiple single-ended signals are serialized into a single differential pair with a data rate equal to that of all the combined single-ended channels. For example, a 7-bit wide parallel bus serialized into a single pair that will operate at 7 times the data rate of one single-ended channel.
Of those protocols listed, only RS-232 is single-ended with ground return, but it is a large signal, typically + and - 12V, all the others being differential. Differential signaling must use a balanced line to ensure that the signal does not radiate and that induced noise from a ground loop is a common-mode signal and can be removed at the ...
Unlike transformer balance, there is no isolation of the circuitry from the line. Each of the two wires is driven by an op amp circuit which are identical except that one is inverting and one is non-inverting. Each one produces an asymmetrical signal individually but together they drive the line with a symmetrical signal.
Differential TTL is used in preference to single-ended TTL for long-distance signaling. [4] In a long cable, stray electromagnetic fields in the environment, or stray currents in the system ground, can induce unwanted voltages that cause errors at the receiver. With a differential pair of wires, roughly the same unwanted voltage is induced in ...
RS-422 specifies the electrical characteristics of a single balanced signal. The standard was written to be referenced by other standards that specify the complete DTE/DCE interface for applications that require a balanced voltage circuit to transmit data. These other standards would define protocols, connectors, pin assignments and functions.
Cutaway view of an LVDT. Current is driven through the primary coil at A, causing an induction current to be generated through the secondary coils at B.. The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) – also called linear variable displacement transformer, [1] linear variable displacement transducer, [2] or simply differential transformer [3] – is a type of electrical transformer [4 ...