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An "almost" triangular matrix, for example, an upper Hessenberg matrix has zero entries below the first subdiagonal. Hollow matrix: A square matrix whose main diagonal comprises only zero elements. Integer matrix: A matrix whose entries are all integers. Logical matrix: A matrix with all entries either 0 or 1.
The n × n matrices that have an inverse form a group under matrix multiplication, the subgroups of which are called matrix groups. Many classical groups (including all finite groups) are isomorphic to matrix groups; this is the starting point of the theory of group representations. Matrices are the morphisms of a category, the category of ...
Noting that any identity matrix is a rotation matrix, and that matrix multiplication is associative, we may summarize all these properties by saying that the n × n rotation matrices form a group, which for n > 2 is non-abelian, called a special orthogonal group, and denoted by SO(n), SO(n,R), SO n, or SO n (R), the group of n × n rotation ...
A group in which the objects are matrices and the group operation is matrix multiplication is called a matrix group. [65] [66] Since a group of every element must be invertible, the most general matrix groups are the groups of all invertible matrices of a given size, called the general linear groups.
An identity matrix of any size, or any multiple of it is a diagonal matrix called a scalar matrix, for example, []. In geometry , a diagonal matrix may be used as a scaling matrix , since matrix multiplication with it results in changing scale (size) and possibly also shape ; only a scalar matrix results in uniform change in scale.
The group GL(n, F) and its subgroups are often called linear groups or matrix groups (the automorphism group GL(V) is a linear group but not a matrix group). These groups are important in the theory of group representations , and also arise in the study of spatial symmetries and symmetries of vector spaces in general, as well as the study of ...
U can be written as U = e iH, where e indicates the matrix exponential, i is the imaginary unit, and H is a Hermitian matrix. For any nonnegative integer n, the set of all n × n unitary matrices with matrix multiplication forms a group, called the unitary group U(n). Every square matrix with unit Euclidean norm is the average of two unitary ...
In mathematics, the special linear group SL(n, R) of degree n over a commutative ring R is the set of n × n matrices with determinant 1, with the group operations of ordinary matrix multiplication and matrix inversion. This is the normal subgroup of the general linear group given by the kernel of the determinant