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In 1911, the anaesthetist Arthur Ernest Guedel first described the use of self-administration of a nitrous oxide and oxygen mix. It was not until 1961 that the first paper was published by Michael Tunstall and others, describing the administration of a pre-mixed 50:50 nitrous oxide and oxygen mix, which led to the commercialisation of the product.
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), commonly referred to as laughing gas, along with various street names, is an inert gas which can induce euphoria, dissociation, hallucinogenic states of mind, and relaxation when inhaled. [1] Nitrous oxide has no acute biochemical or cellular toxicity and is not metabolized in humans or other mammals.
The Ministry of Health has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine whose sale or possession without a prescription is an offense under the Medicines Act. [136] This would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of nitrous oxide, although it is implied that only recreational use will be targeted.
Nitrous oxide is thought to be particularly non-toxic, though heavy long-term use can lead to a variety of serious health problems linked to the destruction of vitamin B12 and folic acid. [17] [18] Nitrous oxide "whippets" are small aerosol containers designed for charging whipped cream dispensers.
The agents in widespread current use are isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, and nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is a common adjuvant gas, making it one of the most long-lived drugs still in current use. Because of its low potency, it cannot produce anesthesia on its own but is frequently combined with other agents.
Medications: long-term use of certain medications can result in poor absorption of dietary vitamin B 12. [1] These include medications to treat heartburn, and metformin to treat diabetes. [132] [133] A genetic disorder, transcobalamin II deficiency, or Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome can be a cause. Nitrous oxide exposure, and recreational use ...
Ketamine and nitrous oxide are club drugs. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) is available as a street drug. Dextromethorphan-based cough syrups (often labeled DXM) are taken by some users in higher than medically recommended levels for their dissociative effects. Historically, chloroform and diethyl ether have been used recreationally.
Cryo-S Painless cryoanalgesia device is the next generation of apparatus used by many experts in the field since 1992. The working medium for Cryo-S Painless is carbon dioxide: CO 2 (−78 °C) or nitrous oxide: N 2 O (−89 °C), very efficient and easy to use gases. Cryo-S Painless is controlled by a microprocessor and all the parameters are ...