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Memory errors due to encoding specificity means that the memory is likely not forgotten, however, the specific cues used during encoding the primary event are now unavailable to help remember the event. The cues used during encoding are dependent on the environment of the individual at the time the memory occurred.
A "sawtooth" pattern of memory utilization may be an indicator of a memory leak within an application, particularly if the vertical drops coincide with reboots or restarts of that application. Care should be taken though because garbage collection points could also cause such a pattern and would show a healthy usage of the heap.
The most likely causes of memory corruption are programming errors (software bugs). When the corrupted memory contents are used later in that program, it leads either to program crash or to strange and bizarre program behavior. Nearly 10% of application crashes on Windows systems are due to heap corruption. [1]
Hardware and software failure are the two main causes for data loss. Background radiation, head crashes, and aging or wear of the storage device fall into the former category, while software failure typically occurs due to bugs in the code. Cosmic rays cause most soft errors in DRAM. [1]
Thus, accessing data stored in DRAM causes memory cells to leak their charges and interact electrically, as a result of high cells density in modern memory, altering the content of nearby memory rows that actually were not addressed in the original memory access. [10]
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Poor CPU cooling due to a CPU heatsink and case fans (or filters) that's clogged with dust or has come loose. Overclocking beyond the highest clock rate at which the CPU is still reliable. Failing motherboard. Failing processor. Failing memory. Failing I/O controllers, on either the motherboard or separate cards. Failing I/O devices.
The most basic way to implement checkpointing is to stop the application, copy all the required data from the memory to reliable storage (e.g., parallel file system), then continue with execution. [1] In the case of failure, when the application restarts, it does not need to start from scratch.