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  2. Electric current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

    A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in a circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction. Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention is needed for the direction of current that is independent of the type of charge carriers ...

  3. Circuit diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_diagram

    Positive power supply connections for each stage would be shown towards the top of the page, with grounds, negative supplies, or other return paths towards the bottom. Schematic drawings intended for maintenance may have the principal signal paths highlighted to assist in understanding the signal flow through the circuit.

  4. Ground loop (electricity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)

    This way, if there is a large current between connector shields, it will not pass through the ground plane of the circuit. A star topology should be used for ground distribution, avoiding loops. High-power devices should be placed closest to the power supply, while low-power devices can be placed farther from it.

  5. Three-phase electric power - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power

    In a symmetric three-phase power supply system, three conductors each carry an alternating current of the same frequency and voltage amplitude relative to a common reference, but with a phase difference of one third of a cycle (i.e., 120 degrees out of phase) between each. The common reference is usually connected to ground and often to a ...

  6. Switched-mode power supply - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply

    Stand-alone switched-mode power supply An adjustable switched-mode power supply for laboratory use. A switched-mode power supply (SMPS), also called switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, switched power supply, or simply switcher, is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.

  7. Passive sign convention - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_sign_convention

    Illustration of the "reference directions" of the current (), voltage (), and power () variables used in the passive sign convention.If positive current is defined as flowing into the device terminal which is defined to be positive voltage, then positive power (big arrow) given by the equation = represents electric power flowing into the device, and negative power represents power flowing out.

  8. Power supply - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply

    An external power supply, AC adapter or power brick, is a power supply located in the load's AC power cord that plugs into a wall outlet; a wall wart is an external supply integrated with the outlet plug itself. These are popular in consumer electronics because of their safety; the hazardous 120 or 240 volt main current is transformed down to a ...

  9. Power-flow study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-flow_study

    In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as Voltage, voltage angles, real power and reactive power.