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In the case of nitration of benzene, the reaction is conducted at a warm temperature, not exceeding 50 °C. [6] The process is one example of electrophilic aromatic substitution, which involves the attack by the electron-rich benzene ring: Alternative mechanisms have also been proposed, including one involving single electron transfer (SET). [7 ...
The reaction, which involves simultaneous nitration and oxidation, was first reported by the German chemists Richard Wolffenstein and Oskar Böters in 1906. [4] The Wolffenstein-Boters reaction. According to one series of studies the mercury nitrate first takes benzene to the corresponding nitroso compound and through the diazonium salt to the ...
Many other electrophilic reactions of benzene are conducted, although on a much smaller scale; they are valuable routes to key intermediates. The nitration of benzene is achieved via the action of the nitronium ion as the electrophile. The sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives benzenesulfonic acid.
In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO 2 +), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline . Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride.
2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran (TMTHF) or 2,2,5,5-tetramethyloxolane (TMO) is a heterocyclic compound with the formula C 8 H 16 O, or (CH 3) 2 (C(CH 2) 2 OC)(CH 3) 2.It can be seen as derivative of tetrahydrofuran (oxolane) with four methyl groups replacing four hydrogen atoms on each of the carbon atoms in the ring that are adjacent to the oxygen.
The Piria reaction. In the Tyrer sulfonation process (1917), [7] at some time of technological importance, benzene vapor is led through a vessel containing 90% sulfuric acid the temperature of which is increased from 100 to 180°C. Water and benzene are continuously removed and the benzene fed back to the vessel. In this way an 80% yield is ...
Nitrochlorobenzene is typically synthesized by nitration of chlorobenzene in the presence of sulfuric acid: C 6 H 5 Cl + HNO 3 → O 2 NC 6 H 4 Cl + H 2 O. This reaction affords a mixture of isomers. Using an acid ratio of 30/56/14, the product mix is typically 34-36% 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 63-65% 4-nitrochlorobenzene, with only about 1% 3 ...
Other methods afford the compound less efficiently include the chlorination of 1,3-dinitrobenzene, nitration of o-nitrochlorobenzene and the dinitration of chlorobenzene. [ 3 ] By virtue of the two nitro substituents , the chloride in DNCB is particularly susceptible to nucleophilic substitution , at least relative to simple chlorobenzene .