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This territoriality only breaks down when there is a glut of food, for example when grizzly bears are attracted to migrating salmon. Food related territoriality is least likely with insectivorous birds, where the food supply is plentiful but unpredictably distributed. Swifts rarely defend an area larger than the nest.
Introduced by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price in 1972/3, [1] [2] it is an important concept in behavioural ecology, evolutionary psychology, mathematical game theory and economics, with applications in other fields such as anthropology, philosophy and political science.
In evolutionary psychology, people often speak of the four Fs which are said to be the four basic and most primal drives (motivations or instincts) that animals (including humans) are evolutionarily adapted to have, follow, and achieve: fighting, fleeing, feeding and fucking (a more polite synonym is the word "mating"). [1]
Territoriality is a term associated with nonverbal communication that refers to how people use space to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions. [1] The anthropological concept branches from the observations of animal ownership behaviors.
For example, research in environmental psychology has informed the design of restorative environments in healthcare settings, improving patient outcomes. [18] Additionally, insights from the field have contributed to the development of urban spaces that encourage pro-environmental behaviors, such as recycling and energy conservation.
Spatial ecology studies the ultimate distributional or spatial unit occupied by a species.In a particular habitat shared by several species, each of the species is usually confined to its own microhabitat or spatial niche because two species in the same general territory cannot usually occupy the same ecological niche for any significant length of time.
[3] [7] [8] [9] Eusociality was then discovered in a group of chordates, the mole-rats. [10] Some researchers have argued that another possibly important criterion for eusociality is "the point of no return". [3] This is characterized by having individuals fixed into one behavioral group, usually before reproductive maturity.
The concept of the home range can be traced back to a publication in 1943 by W. H. Burt, who constructed maps delineating the spatial extent or outside boundary of an animal's movement during the course of its everyday activities. [1]