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Juglone occurs naturally in the leaves, roots, husks, fruit (the epicarp), and bark of plants in the Juglandaceae family, particularly the black walnut (Juglans nigra), and is toxic or growth-stunting to many types of plants. [1] It is sometimes used as an herbicide, as a dye for cloth and inks, and as a coloring agent for foods and cosmetics.
[23] [24] However, different walnut species vary in the amount of juglone they release from the roots and fallen leaves - J. nigra, in particular, is known for its toxicity, both to plants and horses. [25] Juglone is toxic to plants such as tomato, apple, and birch, and may cause stunting and death of nearby vegetation. Juglone appears to be ...
Juglone is poorly soluble in water and does not move far in the soil and will stay most concentrated in the soil directly beneath the tree. [20] Even after a tree is removed the soil where the roots once were will still contain juglone for several years after the tree is removed as more juglone will be released as the roots decay. [20]
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Toxic to cardio and central nervous systems, gastrointestinal bleeding [3] Ephedra: ma huang: Ephedra sinica: Agitation and palpitations, [3] "hypertension, irregular heart rate, insomnia, nervousness, tremors and seizures, paranoid psychosis, heart attacks, strokes, and death", [1] [15] kidney stones [15] Flavonoids (contained in many ...
The berries and leaves of several species are mildly toxic to humans, dogs, cats, livestock, rabbits, and tortoises, containing terpenoid glycosides which can cause extreme irritation to the hands and mouth upon contact and digestive distress if ingested; children and small animals are particularly susceptible. [151]