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Healthcare in Russia, [a] or the Russian Federation, [b] is provided by the state through the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, and regulated through the Ministry of Health. [1] The Constitution of the Russian Federation has provided all citizens the right to free healthcare since 1993.
Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (FFOMS) (Russian: Федеральный фонд обязательного медицинского страхования (ФФОМС)) is one of the state extra-budgetary funds (i.e. fund is not a part of federal or regional budgets) established to finance medical services to Russian citizens.
The Semashko model was established in Soviet Russia in 1920. [6] [7] However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered. [citation needed] The model substantially improved the population health relative to the starting point of its implementation in the late 1920s. [2]
A list of countries by health insurance coverage. The table lists the percentage of the total population covered by total public and primary private health insurance, by government/social health insurance, and by primary private health insurance, including 34 members of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries.
The universal health care system was adopted in Brazil in 1988 after the end of the military dictatorship. However, universal health care was available many years before, in some cities, once the 27th amendment to the 1969 Constitution imposed the duty of applying 6% of their income in healthcare on the municipalities. [158]
Private Health Insurance is widely available in Brazil and may be purchased on an individual-basis or obtained as a work benefit (major employers usually offer private health insurance benefits). Public health care is still accessible for those who choose to obtain private health insurance.
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Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through legislation, regulation, and taxation.