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1st conjugation: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum – to admire, wonder 2nd conjugation: polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum – to promise, offer 3rd conjugation: loquor, loquī, locūtus sum – to speak, say 4th conjugation: mentior, mentīrī, mentītus sum – to tell a lie
1st conjugation: amātus sum (rarely amātus fuī) 'I was loved' 2nd conjugation: vīsus sum (vīsus fuī) 3rd conjugation (-ō): ductus sum (ductus fuī) 3rd conjugation (-iō): captus sum (captus fuī) 4th conjugation: audītus sum (auditus fuī) The forms with fuī are much less common. These forms are discussed in a separate section below.
The gerundive of the verb (an adjectival form ending in -ndus) can be combined with the verb sum 'I am' to make a passive periphrastic tense. This usually expresses what is needing to be done: ego nec rogandus sum nec hortandus (Pliny) [1] 'I don't need to be asked or encouraged' (i.e. I will do it willingly) hī tumōres incīdendī sunt [2]
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case; pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]
The tables below compare the conjugation of the Latin verbs sum and stō in the active voice with that of the Romance copulae, their descendants. For simplicity, only the first person singular is listed for finite forms .
There are three secondary pasts in Latin: 1. the simple secondary past is realised by verbs with perfectum aspect such as fēcerō, fēcī, fēceram; 2. the compound secondary past with "sum" is realised by the periphrasis factus + ero, sum, eram or fuī; and 3. the compound secondary past with "habeō" is realised by the periphrasis factum ...
The gerundive periphrasis (aka periphrastic conjugation of the passive [3]) is composed of the sum auxiliary and a gerundive such as dūcendus. The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of the subject. ego : ā Caesare : dūcendus eram = I : needed to be led : by Caesar