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540 700 Efficiency, net % 27.8 28.08 29.00 Coolant temperature, °C: core coolant inlet 249 266 266 core coolant outlet 293.4 310 310 Primary coolant material Heavy Water Secondary coolant material Light Water Moderator material Heavy Water Reactor operating pressure, kg/cm 2 (g) 87 100 100 Active core height, cm 508.5 594 594
IPHWR-540 [6] [7] [8] [3] IPHWR-700 [4] Thermal output, MWth 754.5 1730 2166 Active power, MWe 220 540 700 Efficiency, net % 27.8 28.08 29.08 Coolant temperature, °C: core coolant inlet 249 266 266 core coolant outlet 293.4 310 310 Primary coolant material Heavy Water Secondary coolant material Light Water Moderator material Heavy Water
Within this choice set, the preferred water tariff depends on multiple factors including: the goals of water pricing; the capacity of a water services supplier to allocate its costs, to price water, and to collect revenues from its customers; the price responsiveness of water consumers; and what is considered to be a fair or just water tariff. [4]
Desalination, which produces usable water from saline water, has a higher LCW than processing groundwater or surface water. A 2020 study found that advances in decarbonization would reduce the levelized cost of water produced via desalination from €2.4 per cubic meter in 2015 (US$2.84) to €1.05 per cubic meter in 2050 (US$1.24). [2]
Gas water heaters cost between $600 and $2,700 to replace, for an average cost of about $1,650. Electric water heaters cost between $600 and $3,500 to replace , for an average cost of about $2,100.
Heavy water can be toxic to humans, but a large amount would be needed for poisoning to occur. The most cost-effective process for producing heavy water is the Girdler sulfide process. Heavy water is used in various industries and is sold in different grades of purity.
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Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C [citation needed] [clarification needed] 1.968: 0.708: Kinetic energy penetrator [clarification needed] 1.9: 30: battery, Lithium–Sulfur [15] 1.80 [16] 1.26: battery, Fluoride-ion [citation needed] 1.7: 2.8: battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell [17] 1.62: Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6: 1.6