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  2. Geode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode

    A geode (/ ˈ dʒ iː. oʊ d /; from Ancient Greek γεώδης (geṓdēs) 'earthlike') is a geological secondary formation within sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Geodes are hollow, vaguely spherical rocks, in which masses of mineral matter (which may include crystals) are secluded.

  3. Concretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretion

    Groundwater containing methane or petroleum from underlying rock beds reacted with the iron oxide, converting it to soluble reduced iron. When the iron-bearing groundwater came into contact with more oxygen-rich groundwater, the reduced iron was converted back to insoluble iron oxide, which formed the concretions.

  4. Calthemite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calthemite

    Hence, CO 2 rich groundwater or rainwater would form carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) (≈pH 7.5 – 8.5) [17] [19] and leach Ca 2+ from the structure as the solution seeps through the old cracks . [15] This is more likely to occur in thin layered concrete such as that sprayed inside vehicle or railway tunnels to stabilise loose material. [ 20 ]

  5. Cementation (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)

    Calcite cement in an ooid-rich limestone; Carmel Formation, Jurassic of Utah. Minerals bond grains of sediment together by growing around them. This process is called cementation and is a part of the rock cycle. Cementation involves ions carried in groundwater chemically precipitating to form new crystalline material between sedimentary grains ...

  6. Flowstone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowstone

    Flowstone may also form on manmade structures as a result of calcium hydroxide being leached from concrete, lime or mortar. These secondary deposits created outside the cave environment, which mimic the shapes and forms of speleothems, are classified as " calthemites " and are associated with concrete degradation .

  7. Geology of the Death Valley area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Death...

    Little is known about the history of the oldest exposed rocks in the area due to extensive metamorphism.This somber, gray, almost featureless crystalline complex is composed of originally sedimentary and igneous rocks with large quantities of quartz and feldspar mixed in. [1] The original rocks were transformed to contorted schist and gneiss, making their original parentage almost unrecognizable.

  8. Speleothem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleothem

    Calcite rafts are thin accumulations of calcite that appear on the surface of cave pools; Hells Bells, a particular speleothem found in the El Zapote cenote of Yucatan in the form of submerged, bell-like shapes; Lava tubes contain speleothems composed of sulfates, mirabilite or opal. When the lava cools, precipitation occurs.

  9. Groundwater flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_flow

    In hydrogeology, groundwater flow is defined as the "part of streamflow that has infiltrated the ground, entered the phreatic zone, and has been (or is at a particular time) discharged into a stream channel or springs; and seepage water." [1] It is governed by the groundwater flow equation. Groundwater is water that is found underground in ...

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