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It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding. [9] It is a second-generation antihistamine and works by blocking the release of a number of inflammatory mediators including histamine. [7] [8] Azelastine was patented in 1971 and came into medical use in 1986. [10] It is available as a generic medication.
Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever), dermatitis, and urticaria (hives). [5] It is taken by mouth. [6] Effects generally begin within thirty minutes and last for about a day. [6] The degree of benefit is similar to other antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, which is a first-generation ...
Levocetirizine, sold under the brand name Xyzal, among others, is a second-generation antihistamine used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and long-term hives of unclear cause. [3] It is less sedating than older antihistamines. [4] It is taken by mouth. [3] Common side effects include sleepiness, dry mouth, cough, vomiting, and ...
Use during pregnancy appears to be safe but has not been well studied. [7] It is not recommended in children less than two years old. [6] It is in the second-generation antihistamine family of medication. [5] Loratadine was patented in 1980 and came to market in 1988. [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [9]
Second generation antihistamines include loratadine (Claritin), cetrizine (Zyrtec), and fexofenadine (Allegra). [12] First generation antihistamines have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier which can result in sedative and anticholinergic effects while effectively treating allergic reactions and nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy.
Astemizole (marketed under the brand name Hismanal, developmental code R43512) was a second-generation antihistamine drug that has a long duration of action. Astemizole was discovered by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1977.
Second-generation antihistamines selectively bind to the peripheral H-1 receptors outside the blood-brain barrier, therefore they are less likely to cause sedation. First-generation antihistamines usually last around 4–6 hours whilst second-generation antihistamines work for 12–24 hours. [ 7 ]
The newer, second-generation H 1-antihistamines are far more selective for peripheral histamine H 1-receptors and have a better tolerability profile compared to the first-generation agents. The most common adverse effects noted for second-generation agents include drowsiness, fatigue, headache, nausea and dry mouth. [4]
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