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In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and surfactants.The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an oil-in-water emulsion, in which droplets of monomer (the oil) are emulsified (with surfactants) in a continuous phase of water.
Polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) is a temperature-resistant [2] thermoplastic polymer produced by radical polymerization from the monomer N-vinylcarbazole. It is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for photorefractive polymers and organic light-emitting diodes. [3]
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Carbazole electrochemically oxidizes to a conductive polymer, which has not achieved substantial industrial use. [20] Polyvinylcarbazole is useful in the electrical and electronic industries, and certain carbazole novolaks are extremely heat resistant. [4] In organic chemistry, carbazole proper is also an ingredient for several bioactive molecules.
A miniemulsion (also known as nanoemulsion) is a particular type of emulsion.A miniemulsion is obtained by ultrasonicating a mixture comprising two immiscible liquid phases (for example, oil and water), one or more surfactants and, possibly, one or more co-surfactants (typical examples are hexadecane or cetyl alcohol).
For example, for the polymerization of ethylene, 93.6 kJ of energy are released per mole of monomer. [8] The manner in which polymerization is conducted is a highly evolved technology. Methods include emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and precipitation polymerization.
The Bucherer carbazole synthesis is a chemical reaction used to synthesize carbazoles from naphthols and aryl hydrazines using sodium bisulfite.
Dispersion polymerization can produce nearly monodisperse polymer particles of 0.1–15 micrometers (μm). This is important because it fills the gap between particle size generated by conventional emulsion polymerization (0.006–0.7 μm) in batch process and that of suspension polymerization (50–1000 μm). [4]