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The submucosa (or tela submucosa) is a thin layer of tissue in various organs of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts. It is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supports the mucosa (mucous membrane) and joins it to the muscular layer, the bulk of overlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle).
The signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer depend on the location of the tumor in the bowel, and whether it has spread elsewhere in the body ().The classic warning signs include: worsening constipation, blood in the stool, decrease in stool caliber (thickness), loss of appetite, loss of weight, and nausea or vomiting in someone over 50 years old. [15]
Colic flexures. In the anatomy of the human digestive tract, there are two colic flexures, or curvatures in the transverse colon. The right colic flexure is also known as the hepatic flexure, and the left colic flexure is also known as the splenic flexure. [ 1] Note that "right" refers to the patient's anatomical right, which may be depicted on ...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors ( GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs arise in the smooth muscle pacemaker interstitial cell of Cajal, or similar cells. [ 2] They are defined as tumors whose behavior is driven by mutations in the KIT gene (85%), [ 2] PDGFRA gene (10%), [ 2] or BRAF kinase (rare).
Endoscopic submucosal dissection ( ESD) is an advanced surgical procedure using endoscopy to remove gastrointestinal tumors that have not entered the muscle layer. ESD may be done in the esophagus, stomach or colon. Application of endoscopic resection (ER) to gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms is limited to lesions with no risk of nodal metastasis.
Colorectal polyp. Colon polyps. Polyp of sigmoid colon as revealed by colonoscopy. Approximately 1 cm in diameter. The polyp was removed by snare cautery. Specialty. Gastroenterology. A colorectal polyp is a polyp (fleshy growth) occurring on the lining of the colon or rectum. [ 1] Untreated colorectal polyps can develop into colorectal cancer.
The afflicted colon's histologic findings include thickening of the muscularis propria, submucosal fibrosis, a cobblestone-like appearance, and persistent mucosal inflammation. [8] With relative rectal sparing, imaging can demonstrate diffuse narrowing, shortening, and loss of haustration of the colonic lumen.
For the colon and rectum. Endoscopic mucosal resection and submucosal dissection are also highly effective methods for resection or large, non-malignant colorectal polyps and superficially (stage T1a) invasive colorectal cancers. The largest study of endoscopic mucosal resection by the Australian Consortium included 1000 cases and long term ...