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Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, [8] [5] [9] [10] and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides [11] and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. [12]
Decoupage or découpage ( / ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ /; [ 1] French: [dekupaʒ]) is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf, and other decorative elements. Commonly, an object like a small box or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts from magazines or from ...
This process of the second bacterial cell taking up new genetic material is called transformation. In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane (s).
Infobox references. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. [ 3] Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide.
An origin of transfer ( oriT) is a short sequence ranging from 40-500 base pairs in length [1] [2] that is necessary for the transfer of DNA from a gram-negative bacterial donor to recipient during bacterial conjugation. [3] [4] [5] The transfer of DNA is a critical component for antimicrobial resistance within bacterial cells [6] and the oriT ...
Spiegelman's Monster is an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that is able to be reproduced by the RNA replication enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase. It is named after its creator, Sol Spiegelman, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who first described it in 1965.
RNA world. A comparison of RNA ( left) with DNA ( right ), showing the helices and nucleobases each employs. The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins. [ 1] The term also refers to the hypothesis that posits ...
New experiments raise important questions on what it means to die.