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Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Parinaud's syndrome is a constellation of neurological signs indicating injury to the dorsal midbrain. More specifically, compression of the vertical gaze center at the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). It is a group of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction and is named for Henri Parinaud [ 6 ...
Stress that gets built up in the house doesn't just stay in the house, it affects your walks too. A dog full of adrenaline and cortisol leaving the house will be way more difficult to work with on ...
Dogs yawn when they are tired (like humans) or under stress. [ 1]: 120–122. Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal. [citation needed] Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking ...
According to pet behaviorists, "whale eye" is something that they would love for dog owners to take notice of. As dog behaviorist Kerry Stack, founder of Darwin Dogs Training, says, dog bites ...
Motion sickness occurs due to a difference between actual and expected motion. [ 1][ 2][ 4] Symptoms commonly include nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, headache, dizziness, tiredness, loss of appetite, and increased salivation. [ 1][ 5] Complications may rarely include dehydration, electrolyte problems, or a lower esophageal tear.
Possessiveness. Frustration. Dominance. Pain/illness. “Fear is a common cause of aggression in dogs,” Dr. Barnette says. “When your dog is scared, they have two options — run away or stick ...