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Antenatal perineal massage (APM) or Birth Canal Widening (BCW) is the massage of a pregnant woman's perineum – the skin and deep tissues around the opening to the vagina (or 'birth canal' – when a baby is in this passage), performed in the 4 to 6 weeks before childbirth, i.e., 34 weeks or sooner (Reference 7, as more births are occurring at around 28 weeks) and continued weekly until birth.
A perineal tear is a laceration of the skin and other soft tissue structures which, in women, separate the vagina from the anus. Perineal tears mainly occur in women as a result of vaginal childbirth, which strains the perineum. It is the most common form of obstetric injury. [1] Tears vary widely in severity.
Vaginal tears can occur during childbirth, most often at the introitus as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Episiotomies are used in an effort to prevent soft-tissue tearing (perineal tear) which may involve the anal sphincter and rectum. Tears can involve the perineal skin or extend to the muscles and the ...
The fourchette may be torn during delivery due to the sudden stretching of the vulval orifice, or during copulation. To prevent this tearing in a haphazard manner, obstetricians and, less frequently, midwives may perform an episiotomy, which is a deliberate cut made in the perineum starting from the fourchette and continuing back along the perineum toward the anus.
The superficial branches of the perineal nerve become the posterior scrotal nerves in men, [3] and the posterior labial nerves in women. [1] The deep branch of the perineal nerve (also known as the "muscular" branch) travels to the muscles of the perineum. [1] Both of these are superficial to the dorsal nerve of the penis or the dorsal nerve of ...
The bulbospongiosus muscles (in older texts bulbocavernosus and, for female muscle, constrictor cunni) are a subgroup of the superficial muscles of the perineum. [1] They have a slightly different origin, insertion and function in males and females. In males, these muscles cover the bulb of the penis, while in females, they cover the vestibular ...
The pudendal nerve is the main nerve of the perineum. [1]: 274 It is a mixed (motor and sensory) nerve and also conveys sympathetic autonomic fibers.It carries sensation from the external genitalia of both sexes and the skin around the anus and perineum, as well as the motor supply to various pelvic muscles, including the male or female external urethral sphincter and the external anal sphincter.
The pain may be described as a burning, tingling, stabbing, or electric-shock like sensation and it is usually only affects one side of the body. [2] Pudendal neuralgia can arise from trauma, overuse, sports, surgery, radiation therapy , tumors, viruses (e.g. Herpes Zoster , HIV ), endometriosis , multiple sclerosis , pudendal nerve entrapment ...
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